Propagand Nation USA

Thursday, June 22, 2006

Treacherous Media Whores SHRUG OFF reports of WASTED BILLIONS in fed contracts...

HEY you corrupt, treacherous, lying Media Whores!

REMEMBER WHEN we had to know about EVERY DIME, EVERY SALES SLIP, EVERY TRANSACTION that the Clintons had in two dozen years while you were hot on the trail of your "Whitewater" reporting????

Now, when LOOTED BILLIONS mean NO ARMOR, NIGHT VISION GOOGLES, or massive revamping of Health Care for returning combat veterans; or when FRAUDULENT RECONSTRUCTION CONTRACTS in Iraq mean the locals HATE US for the garbage piles, stinking sewers and lack of electricity in their neighborhoods; all of which leads them to resent Americans as a hostile occupaation force, fueling the insurgency, and making US soldiers and marines at checkpoints into sitting-duck targets... NOW, the "major media" and WP/NYT press whores DON'T GIVE A DAMN.

They don't give a damn about LOOTED Katrina recovery BILLIONS, either.

America's major-media press whores, led by the lying New York Times and the Cowardly Washington Post, care about NOTHING but stoking their fat, garbage-selling media conglomerate portfolios....





Media Shrug Off Report of Billions Wasted in Federal Contracts
http://www.huffingtonpost.com/nellie-b/media-shrug-off-report-of_b_23585.html


Anybody think it's news that, under the Bush administration, both the number of federal employees and the amount of money spent on private contracts have increased? And that a lot of that money seems to have been wasted? Dollars, Not Sense (full 101-page pdf file; smaller pdf file on highlights here) was released Monday by the Committee on Government Reform Minority Office, but few news outlets have noticed, except the Los Angeles Times, which reports that "the administration's tilt toward doing business with private companies has failed to bring promised savings and has been characterized by 'significant waste, fraud, abuse and mismanagement.'"

[The] report is described as the first comprehensive assessment of contracting under the Bush administration, which had vowed upon taking office in January 2001 to provide services more efficiently while reducing the size of government.
It reveals an 86% increase in contracts with private businesses, from $203 billion in 2000 to $377.5 billion a year in 2005 -- a growth rate nearly double that of federal spending as a whole.

At the same time, federal payrolls also have grown: The government now has about 1,874,000 civilian employees, up from 1,738,000 five years ago.

The problems include lack of oversight and the increases in cost-plus contracts (under which the government bears the risk of cost overrun), no-bid contracts and monopoly contracts. One of the hooks for the LAT to pay attention was the conviction this week of the administrations's onetime chief procurement officer, David H. Safavian, for making false statements and obstruction of justice in the Jack Abramoff lobbyist scandal. The report alleges that parts of $750 billion in contracts (searchable database) are open to question for waste, fraud and/or abuse. The LAT notes:

In 2003, for example, the Border Patrol was found to have paid $20 million for security camera systems that malfunctioned or were never installed. That same year, the Transportation Security Administration awarded Boeing Co. $44 million for installing and maintaining airport luggage screening equipment -- a job that was never evaluated.
In 2005, the Federal Emergency Management Agency bought $915 million worth of temporary housing and offices for Katrina victims and relief workers. More than a third of them have never been used.

"The lesson of this report is that there's a massive amount of spending, and yet we very clearly aren't spending it smartly," said Peter Singer, an analyst with the Brookings Institution, a centrist public policy center in Washington. "When the overspending is not just in the billions but in the hundreds of billions -- that's worrisome."

Friday, May 05, 2006

Cowardly DC press whores all uptight about Colbert...

Note: Robert Parry is in the "top 5" of the nation's most outstanding journalists.

"Courtiers" is a polite, fancy word for "whores to the royal court."



Colbert & the Courtier Press
By Robert Parry
May 5, 2006
http://www.consortiumnews.com/2006/050406.html


Washington Post columnist Richard Cohen has joined the swelling ranks of big-name journalists outraged over comedian Stephen Colbert’s allegedly rude performance, offending George W. Bush at the White House Correspondents’ Association Dinner on April 29.

“Colbert was not just a failure as a comedian but rude,” Cohen wrote. “Rudeness means taking advantage of the other person’s sense of decorum or tradition or civility that keeps that other person from striking back or, worse, rising in a huff and leaving. The other night, that person was George W. Bush.”

According to Cohen, Colbert was so boorish that he not only criticized Bush’s policies to the President’s face, but the comedian mocked the assembled Washington journalists decked out in their tuxedos and evening gowns.

“Colbert took a swipe at Bush’s Iraq policy, at domestic eavesdropping, and he took a shot at the news corps for purportedly being nothing more than stenographers recording what the Bush White House said,” Cohen wrote. “Colbert was more than rude. He was a bully.” [Washington Post, May 4, 2006]

Yet, while Cohen may see himself defending decorum and civility, his column is another sign of what's terribly wrong with the U.S. news media: With few exceptions, the Washington press corps has failed to hold Bush and his top advisers accountable for their long record of deception and for actions that have violated U.S. constitutional principles and American moral standards.

Over the past several years, as Bush asserted unlimited presidential powers and implemented policies that have led the United States into the business of torture and an unprovoked war in Iraq, Washington journalists mostly stayed on the sidelines or actively assisted the administration, often wrapping its extraordinary actions in a cloak of normality designed more to calm than alert the public. At such a dangerous moment, when a government is committing crimes of state, politeness is not necessarily a virtue.

So, average Americans are growing more and more agitated because too often in the past five years they have watched the national press act more like courtiers to a monarch than an independent, aggressive Fourth Estate. This fawning style of the Washington media continued into the April 29 dinner.

Even as the number of U.S. soldiers killed in Iraq passed 2,400 and the toll of Iraqi dead soared into the tens of thousands, the journalists seemed more interested in staying in Bush’s favor than in risking his displeasure. Like eager employees laughing at the boss’ jokes, the journalists applauded Bush’s own comedy routine, which featured a double who voiced Bush’s private contempt for the news media while the real Bush expressed his insincere respect.

WMD Search

Two years ago, at a similar dinner, journalists laughed and clapped when Bush put on a slide show of himself searching under Oval Office furniture for Iraq’s non-existent weapons of mass destruction.

Rather than shock over Bush’s tasteless humor – as the President rubbed the media’s noses in the deceptions about Iraq’s WMD – the press corps played the part of the good straight man. Even representatives of the New York Times and the Washington Post – the pillars of what the Right still likes to call the “liberal media” – sat politely after having served as little more than conveyor belts for Bush’s pre-war propaganda.

But the media’s willful blindness didn’t end even when Bush’s WMD claims were no longer tenable. Less than a year ago, as evidence surfaced in Great Britain proving that Bush had twisted the WMD intelligence, major U.S. newspapers averted their eyes and chastised anyone who didn’t go along.

The so-called Downing Street Memo and other official government papers, which appeared in British newspapers in late spring 2005, documented how the White House in 2002 and early 2003 was manipulating intelligence to justify invading Iraq and ousting Saddam Hussein.

On July 23, 2002, British intelligence chief Richard Dearlove told Prime Minister Tony Blair about discussions with top Bush advisers in Washington, according to the meeting minutes. “Bush wanted to remove Saddam, through military action, justified by the conjunction of terrorism and WMD. But the intelligence and facts were being fixed around the policy,” Dearlove said. [See Consortiumnews.com’s “LMSM – the Lying Mainstream Media.”]

Despite that dramatic evidence – emerging in June 2005 – the Washington Post failed to pay much attention. When hundreds of Post readers complained, a lead editorial lectured them for questioning the Post’s news judgment.

“The memos add not a single fact to what was previously known about the administration’s prewar deliberations,” the Post’s editorial sniffed. “Not only that: They add nothing to what was publicly known in July 2002.” [Washington Post, June 15, 2005]

When Rep. John Conyers and a few Democratic congressmen tried to draw public attention to the historically important British documents – but were denied an actual hearing room by the Republican majority – Post political correspondent Dana Milbank mocked the Democrats for the cheesy surroundings of their rump hearing.

“In the Capitol basement yesterday, long-suffering House Democrats took a trip to the land of make-believe,” Milbank wrote. “They pretended a small conference room was the Judiciary Committee hearing room, draping white linens over folding tables to make them look like witness tables and bringing in cardboard name tags and extra flags to make the whole thing look official.” [Washington Post, June 17, 2005]

‘Not Funny’

After Colbert’s lampooning of Bush and the Washington press corps, Milbank appeared on MSNBC on May 1 to pronounce the comedian’s spoof “not funny,” while Milbank judged the President’s skit with Bush impersonator Steve Bridges a humorous hit.

Milbank’s assessment was shared by many journalists at the dinner, a reaction that can partly be explained by the pressure Washington reporters have long felt from well-organized right-wing media-attack groups to give Bush and other conservatives the benefit of every doubt. [See Consortiumnews.com's "The Bush Rule of Journalism" or Robert Parry's Secrecy & Privilege.]

For Washington journalists, who realized their reactions at the dinner were being broadcast on C-SPAN, laughing along with Bush was a win-win -- they could look good with the White House and avoid any career-damaging attacks from the Right -- while laughing at Colbert’s jokes could have been a career lose-lose. However clever Colbert’s jokes were, they were guaranteed to face a tough crowd with a lot of reasons to give the comedian a chilly reception.

Colbert’s monologue also struck too close to home when he poked fun at the journalists for letting the country down by not asking the tough questions before the Iraq War.

Using his faux persona as a right-wing Bush acolyte, Colbert explained to the journalists their proper role: “The President makes decisions; he’s the decider. The press secretary announces those decisions, and you people of the press type those decisions down.

“Make, announce, type. Put them through a spell check and go home. Get to know your family again. Make love to your wife. Write that novel you got kicking around in your head. You know, the one about the intrepid Washington reporter with the courage to stand up to the administration. You know – fiction.” [To watch Colbert, click here.]

Cringing Behavior

Even before the Colbert controversy, the White House Correspondents’ Association annual dinner and similar press-politician hobnobbing have been cringing examples of unethical journalistic behavior.

The American people count on the news media to act as their eyes and ears, as watchdogs on the government, not lap dogs wagging tails and licking the faces of administration officials. Whatever value these dinners might once have had – as an opportunity for reporters to get to know government sources in a more casual atmosphere – has long passed.

Since the mid-1980s, the dinners have become competitions among the news organizations to attract the biggest Hollywood celebrities or infamous characters from the latest national scandal. Combined with lavish parties sponsored by free-spending outlets like Vanity Fair or Bloomberg News, the dinners have become all about the buzz.

Plus, while these self-indulgent affairs might seem fairly harmless in normal political times, they are more objectionable when American troops are dying overseas and the Executive Branch is asserting its right to trample constitutional rights, including First Amendment protections for journalists.

This contradiction is especially striking as the news media fawns over Bush while he attacks any nascent signs of journalistic independence. The administration is currently looking into the possibility of jailing investigative reporters and their sources for revealing policies that the White House wanted to keep secret, such as warrantless wiretaps of Americans and clandestine overseas prisons where detainees are hidden and allegedly tortured.

The fact that so many national journalists see no problem cavorting with Bush and his inner circle at such a time explains why so many Americans have reached the conclusion that the nation needs a new news media, one that demonstrates a true commitment to the public’s right to know, rather than a desire for cozy relations with the insiders.

Indeed, in a world with a truly independent news media, it is hard to imagine there would ever be a White House Correspondents’ dinner.

In such a world, the Washington Post also might find better use for its treasured space on its Op-Ed page than giving it over to a columnist who favors decorum over accountability. The Post might even hire a columnist who would object less to a sharp-tongued comedian lampooning a politician and complain more about a President who disdains domestic and international law, who tolerates abusive treatment of prisoners, and who inflicts mayhem on a nation thousands of miles away that was not threatening the United States.

Only the likes of Richard Cohen could see George W. Bush as the victim and Stephen Colbert as the bully.

Robert Parry broke many of the Iran-Contra stories in the 1980s for the Associated Press and Newsweek. His latest book, Secrecy & Privilege: Rise of the Bush Dynasty from Watergate to Iraq, can be ordered at secrecyandprivilege.com. It's also available at Amazon.com, as is his 1999 book, Lost History: Contras, Cocaine, the Press & 'Project Truth.'

COWARDLY MEDIA WHORES- Sycophants put ASS-KISSING AHEAD OF REPORTING THE TRUTH!

Thank god for E&P and a few other dogged press watchdogs out there... otherwise (as E&P editor Greg Mitchel mentions) OUR HEADS WOULD EXPLODE from the sheer mendacity, arrogance, stupidity, and criminal negligence and corruption emanating from the Bush White House, and the even more appalling criminal complicity of the press whores - Washington Post, New York Times, CNN, Fox 'news', GE-nbc, etc, ad naseum, who all see it as their duty to sell LIES and IGNORANCE - to KEEP THE SLAVES ON THE PLANTATION, and the (poor rural whites) DOWN ON THE FARM.

God-damned press whores should be PUT IN STOCKS and WHIPPED for each and every lie they tell.... and this sentiment comes from a "bleeding heart" lefty who doesn't believe in corporal punishment, much less torture!




Pointed Questions on Iraq Often Come from 'The People,' Not the Press
When it comes to really putting Bush and Rumsfeld on the spot, why did a comedian, a former general, a rock star, an ex-CIA analyst and an average citizen in North Carolina, go where reporters often fear to tread?

By Greg Mitchell
(May 05, 2006)
http://www.editorandpublisher.com/eandp/columns/pressingissues_display.jsp?vnu_content_id=1002463525



-- For centuries, The Press acted as surrogate for The People. Now, at least in regard to the Iraq war, the reverse often seems to be true.

While reporters and commentators continue to tiptoe around the question of whether Bush administration officials, right up to the president, deliberately misled the nation into the war, average and not-so-average citizens have been the ones raising the question of “lies” and causing a stir usually reserved for reporters. Is America, or just my own head, about to explode over Iraq?


The latest example of citizen journalism occurred Thursday, with former CIA analyst Ray McGovern’s persistent questioning of Pentagon chief Donald Rumsfeld at a forum in Atlanta. CNN’s Anderson Cooper, interviewing McGovern later, told him he had gone where most reporters had failed to tread. Whether Anderson meant this as self-criticism was impossible to tell.

This comes on the heels of satirist Stephen Colbert’s now-fabled performance at the White House Correspondents Association dinner on Saturday -- publicized primarily by Web sites and blogs -- and this week’s streaming-on-line debut of Neil Young’s “Living with War” album, which proposes impeaching the president “for lyin” (not to mention, for “spyin”) and has already earned more than a million Internet listeners.

McGovern, Colbert and Young are hardly grassroots Americans, but we also have the recent example of Harry Taylor, who on April 6 rose at a town meeting in Charlotte, N.C. and asked the president about his domestic spying program, among other things, saying he was ”ashamed” of the nation’s leader.

But this “people pressure” has been the story of the war at home all along, at least in personal probing of the engineers of the war. It was a U.S. soldier, after all, whose questioning of Rumsfeld last year about the lack of adequate armor for personnel and vehicles in Iraq that brought that issue to national attention.

Even on the editorial pages, it has required at virtually every newspaper an outside contributor to propose a radical change in direction on Iraq. Witness the op-ed on Thursday in the Los Angeles Times by retired Gen. William Odom, calling for the start of an American withdrawal. More than a day later, it is still, last time I looked, the most e-mailed story at the paper’s Web site—just as The New York Times’ belated story on Colbert was #1 at that site for 24 hours or more.

While reporters have produced acres of tough journalism on issues related to the war, they have generally failed to ask Bush and Rumsfeld truly pointed questions (saving that experience for easy punching bag Scott McClellan), or refused to use the word “lie” in news stories and editorials. At the same time, the public now has many more opportunities to act as presshounds, on their own Web sites or blogs, and at public forums that either did not exist, or at least were not televised, years ago.

Still, it would be nice to see reporters following ex-CIA analyst McGovern's example on Thursday, directing chapter-and-verse examples of misleading statements, or downright lies, at Bush, Rumsfeld, Cheney and others (beyond Tony Snow) whenever they get a chance. Certainly, every poll shows that the American public is behind them on this--or should I say, ahead of them?

Now it will be fun and interesting to watch the media reaction to the CD release of the Neil Young anti-Bush broadside next week. A Washington Post music critic has already weighed in with a pan, declaring, bizarrely, “the urgency is somewhat strange, given that the album doesn't appear to be inspired by any recent events.”

If you are a Neil Young fan -- politics aside -- you will no doubt appreciate his return to slashing guitar work and full-throated singing. The lyrics are consistently biting, always topical, and occasionally humorous, with war the focus but with side trips to American consumerism and environmental degradation, before closing with “America the Beautfiul” sung by 100-voice choir. It’s true, Young is a Canadian, but he has now lived in this country for four decades, which should count for something.

The best song is not “Impeach the President,” a mediocre tune highlighted by audio clips of embarrassing Bush statements (“We’ll smoke them out” etc.), but rather the blistering “Shock and Awe,” which includes not only specific antiwar lyrics but also the more philosophical “history is a cruel judge of overconfidence.”

The press response will be fascinating, but, no matter what, it is not likely to top John Gibson’s gaffe on Fox News this week. On April 28, Gibson blasted Young, charging that he must be suffering from "amnesia" about the terrorist attacks of 9/11. He suggested that Young go see the new movie, "United 93," about the hijacked flight that went down in Pennsylvania that day. Gibson even offered to buy Young a ticket.

Whoops. It was Neil Young who wrote one of the highest-profile songs about 9/11, right after the tragedy -- which paid tribute to the passengers on United 93, and called, “Let’s Roll.”

Greg Mitchell (gmitchell@editorandpublisher.com) is editor of E&P.

Sunday, April 16, 2006

Wall St. Journal: bloodthirsty, ghoulish, sons-a-bitches...

WHAT do the paid professional lairs and distortionists at the WALL St. JOURNAL have to say about the hell that has been unleashed in Iraq?

"...the worst mistakes have been more political than military."


Retch. These SOBs, so desirous of taking America back to the segregation-era 1950s, if not the lynch-mob 1920s, if not the ante-bellum days of chattel slavery, have got it HALF right: "Giving L. Paul Bremer too free a hand to govern like viceroy in 2003 and 2004 when a more rapid turnover of political power to Iraqis... MIGHT have made a big difference."


But that's sort of like saying "IF George W. Bush had paid attention to the threat of Al Qiada hijacking an airliner to crash into the Genoa G-8 summit meeting in July of 2001, he might have taken 1/100th of the precautions that Italian authorities did, and issued a General Traveller's Alert to the American flying public to be wary of hijacker. Such an official ALERT, ALONE, would have made the hijacker's task much, much more difficult, and certainly, the entire US air travel system would have been on hyper alert THE MOMENT the first airliner was hijacked, and maybe the second, third, and fourth hijackings would have been derailed by alerted crews and passengers.

But the TRAVELLER's ADVISORY that Attorney General Ashcroft recieved from the FBI in the summer of 2002, a "terrorist threat advisory" WAS NEVER broadcast to the American public. At best, Mr. Bush and his administration were willing to treat the American public as pigeons, risking our lives to keep the airline industry from making even the first level of heightened security preparations.

NO, THIS story (about "Mistakes in Iraq") is another typical example of MURDEROUS Wall St. Journal PROPAGANDA. Sort of like all those families RUINED by Dick Cheney absolving Halliburton of thousands of asbestos cases. Sort of like the WSJ CHEERLEADING George W. Bush and Dick Cheney, WHO TOOK EXTENDED VACATIONS as the LOWEST RECORDED PRESSURE EVER in the Atlantic Basin (that would be Hurricane Katrina as it pummelled the Cancun) gave America's Gulf Coast ALMOST A WEEK to PREPARE for a CATAGORY 5 HURRICANE LANDING.


No, The mistakes of L. Paul Bremer are only a SYMPTOM, NOT a cause, of the the Iraq meltdown. The murderous WSJ understands that. They KNOW that NINE BILLION DOLLARS in Iraqi rebuilding funds went missing. THEY KNOW that there has since then been only a FARCICAL 'investigation' of the missing loot.

They KNOW that the "mistakes" were not merely political: that the MILITARY LEADERSHIP's ROLE in the ABU GHRAIB TORTURE SCANDAL(s) infuriated Iraqis of all sects, and fueled the burgeoning insurgency. And the cowardly, lying WSJ editors realize that the TORTURE scandals were NOT the case of "rogue" privates and low-grade NCOs, but were the result of ORDERS coming out of Donald Rumsfeld's office.

NO, the WALL St. JOURNAL editors are PAID PROFESSIONAL LIARS, who like Injun bounty hunters of the American wild-west are looking to PROFIT from death, misery, and force of arms.






WSJ's murderous propaganda: Herr Goebbels couldn't do better.
http://www.opinionjournal.com/editorial/feature.html?id=110008249


<< Our own view is that the worst mistakes in Iraq have been more political than military, especially in not establishing a provisional Iraqi government from the very start. Instead, the U.S. allowed itself to be portrayed as occupiers, a fact that the insurgency exploited. But the blame for that goes well beyond Mr. Rumsfeld--and would extend to then-National Security Adviser Condoleezza Rice and to Mr. Bush himself.

Mr. Rumsfeld's largest mistake may have been giving L. Paul Bremer too free a hand to govern like a viceroy in 2003 and 2004 when a more rapid turnover of political power to Iraqis, and more rapid training of Iraqi forces, might have made a big difference. More than anything else, that unnecessary delay in Iraq's political and self-defense evolution has contributed to the current instability. >>

Wednesday, April 12, 2006

Propaganda Nation USA... the Washington Post Whoring Lies and Misinformation....

GOP Hypocrite of the Week Nominee, The Washington Post Editorial Board

BuzzFlash Note: We could not wait until Friday's GOP Hypocrite of the Week to bring attention to the Washington Post's obvious work on behalf of the White House. One wonders what Fred Hiatt will get in return. We hope they at least give him a kiss.

A BUZZFLASH READER CONTRIBUTION
by Ron Russell
April 12, 2006
http://www.buzzflash.com/contributors/06/04/con06130.html


Dear BuzzFlash,

I would like to nominate, for your consideration, the Washington Post's Editorial Board as this week's GOP Hypocrite of the Week. It's editor -- Fred Hiatt pretends to be impartial and he alone -- deserves BuzzFlash's GOP Hypocrite of the Week award, for today's column "A Good Leak". But separating the man from the Editorial Board, is impossible, because the article "A Good Leak" was a sneak attack against critics (including Joe Wilson) of Bush's War Lies!? This UNATTRIBUTED hit piece is yet another example of why the Editorial Department at the Washington Post has no credibility and is rapidly becoming a laughingstock. Rather than to list how disgusting this editorial was, I will simply quote just a few of numerous responses, which were quickly posted Sunday night, in response to "A Helpful Leak". This Editorial truly deserves it's own wing in any "Hall of Shame." But I digress, Editor and Publisher says:

"The editorial page, a co-producer and then staunch defender of the war in Iraq, declared in a headline on Sunday that the National Intelligence Estimate (NIE) info "Scooter" Libby gave to reporters in 2003 was in reality 'A Good Leak.'"

In concluding his piece on Editor and Publisher, Greg Mitchell says:

"No wonder the Post, in today's editorial, calls Wilson's trip to Niger "absurdly over-examined." This is what people say when they want to change the subject instead of having to renew an indefensible position. The Post's editorial page has been wrong from the start on Iraq so we must at least applaud its consistency."

Joshua Marshall at Talking Points Memo says:

"The Post also sticks to the up-is-down claim that Wilson's trip to Niger supported rather than undermined the Niger-uranium claim. That is a viewpoint that can only be maintained if you are willfully ignorant of the backstory to the Niger canard. Wilson's report didn't add a lot to what most in the intelligence community already thought about the pretended Niger story."

He correctly concludes:

"They've made their deal with power. They should justify it on those grounds rather than choosing to mislead their readers."

In my opinion the best rebuke of the Washington Post's Editorial Board was done by Jane Hamshire, when she summed up so many points of view, at):

"The new Washington Post editorial, an enormous turd that editorial page editor Fred Hiatt no doubt wrote, is such an unmitigated piece of BushCo. propaganda, such a giant bag of bullshit it deserves to be taken apart, piece by piece and beaten into the ground."

Then Jane proceeds to do just that and my favorite part was close to the end:

"But the facts do not faze the surreal fantasies engaged in by the Post. No, no, they decide to do all the drugs at once"

I hope Buzzflash will encourage it's readers to read that blog entry. It's is the best review of the Washington Post's editorial Board I've ever seen.

I know we shouldn't condemn a paper like the Washington Post, but they have so openly shilled for the wing nuts, for sooooooo long, that they have earned this rebuke. They were highly critical of Bill Clinton for lying about a Personal Affair (where no one died). But in this Editorial, they actually are defending multiple lies, that have cost lives, treasure and world-wide hatred of this once great nation.

Warmest Regards,

Ron Russell
San Francisco, CA

A BUZZFLASH READER CONTRIBUTION